{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/38591","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Afghan, Ghazni, reign of Mas'ud II, Ghazni, Afgahnistan, 1099–1115, Panel from the palace of Mas'ud III, with Interlace design and Persian inscription in Kufic script. Marble; 74 x 22.5 x 9 cm. Gift of James Freeman, Class of 1965 (2001-153)"]},"metadata":[{"value":{"en":["Calligraphy, the art of handwriting, is especially revered in Islamic art since it was the traditional means for the preservation of the Koran. The holy book was first written in Kufic, the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts; its distinctive angles, straight lines and elongated verticals and horizontals appear in the Persian inscription at the top of the marble relief at the left.<BR><BR>The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalm, a pen made of dried reed or bamboo. Ink is often colored and can vary greatly in intensity, so that the larger strokes can be very dynamic. In the zoomorphic calligram pictured here, the interwoven words invoke the fourth caliph, Ali, “the Lion of Allah.” Papyrus and parchment were first used for writing, but the advent of paper revolutionized calligraphy. While medieval monasteries in Europe might treasure a few dozen volumes, libraries in the Muslim world regularly&nbsp;contained hundreds of books.<BR><BR>Calligraphy appears in almost every medium of Islamic art, from brickwork and stucco to enameled glass and gold dinars. The large bronze cauldron displayed at the right is decorated with intricate geometric designs and cartouches containing poetic verses. More cursive Arabic inscriptions are written around the rims of the two bowls displayed nearby. On the large blue and white tile above, from a mosque or shrine in the Multan region of Pakistan, the white letters are written in Shikasteh, or broken script. As is common in mosque calligraphy, the largest inscription begins&nbsp;with the Shahada, the Muslim profession of faith: “La ilaha illa Allah, Muhammad Rasulallah” (There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger).<?xml:namespace prefix = \"o\" ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\" /><o:p></o:p>"]},"label":{"en":["Description"]}}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/2001-153/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":350,"width":125,"service":[{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/2001-153","type":"ImageService3","profile":"level2"}]}],"viewingDirection":"left-to-right","behavior":["individuals"],"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Princeton University Art Museum"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/about","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Princeton Univesity Art Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Princeton Univesity Art Museum Homepage"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/puam_logo/full/!200,200/0/default.jpg","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":38,"width ":200,"service":[{"@id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/puam_logo","@type":"ImageService2","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}]}]}],"seeAlso":[{"id":"https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/38591","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Object Page in Online Collections Catalog"]},"format":"text/html"}],"partOf":[{"id":"https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/collection","type":"Collection"}],"items":[{"id":"https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/38591/canvas/38591-canvas-697","type":"Canvas","height":2000,"width":717,"items":[{"id":"https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/38591/page/38591-anno-697","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/38591/annotation/38591-anno-697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","target":"https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/38591/canvas/38591-canvas-697","body":{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/2001-153/full/max/0/default.jpg","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":2000,"width":717,"service":[{"@id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/2/collection/2001-153","@type":"ImageService2","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/2001-153","type":"ImageService3","profile":"level2"}]}}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/2001-153/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":350,"width":125,"service":[{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/2001-153","type":"ImageService3","profile":"level2"}]}],"label":{"en":["View 1"]}}],"start":{"id":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/2001-153","type":"Canvas"}}