{"secondaryobjectnumber":null,"periodterms":[{"id":2031691,"period":"Byzantine"},{"id":2031701,"period":"Middle Byzantine"}],"creditline":"Museum purchase","caption":"Middle Byzantine (ca. 843–1204), attributed to the Nikephoros Group (active late 10th–early 11th century, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (Istanbul, Turkey)), Constantinople, Turkey, 10th century, Plaque with the Crucifixion. Ivory; 13.5 × 8.8 × 0.7 cm. Museum purchase (y1942-60)","cultureterms":[],"type":"artobject","dimensionsproposed":"","terms":[{"id":2095964,"term":"religious art","aatid":300248179,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2171366,"term":"Christ","aatid":null,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2088270,"term":"men","aatid":300025928,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2171368,"term":"Mary","aatid":null,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2097045,"term":"Christianity","aatid":300073711,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2051764,"term":"devotional images","aatid":300178241,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2188636,"term":"halos (glories)","aatid":null,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2048566,"term":"crosses (objects)","aatid":300235443,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2088280,"term":"women","aatid":300025943,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2171865,"term":"John the Evangelist","aatid":null,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2048642,"term":"plaques (flat objects)","aatid":300010262,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2055189,"term":"ivories","aatid":300047325,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2055330,"term":"reliefs","aatid":300047230,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2055657,"term":"figures (representations)","aatid":300189808,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2031691,"term":"Byzantine","aatid":300020669,"termtype":"Period / Style"},{"id":2031701,"term":"Middle Byzantine","aatid":300020674,"termtype":"Period / Style"},{"id":2095174,"term":"saints","aatid":300150555,"termtype":"Subject"},{"id":2166225,"term":"ivory","aatid":300011857,"termtype":"Materials"}],"geography":[{"displaygeography":"Place made: Turkey, Constantinople","code":"Place made","continent":null,"subcontinent":null,"country":"Turkey","region":null,"state":null,"city":"Constantinople","county":null,"subregion":null,"locale":null,"locus":null,"river":null,"excavation":null,"geoname":"http://www.geonames.org/maps/google_41.014_28.95.html","location":{"lat":"","lon":""}}],"dimensionelements":[{"element":"Overall","type":"Height","units":"centimeters","dimension":"13.50"},{"element":"Overall","type":"Width","units":"centimeters","dimension":"8.80"},{"element":"Overall","type":"Depth","units":"centimeters","dimension":"0.70"}],"markings":null,"accessionyear":"1942-01-01","newaccession":0,"makers":[{"id":4019,"displayname":"Nikephoros Group","displaydate":"active late 10th–early 11th century, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (Istanbul, Turkey)","datebegin":970,"dateend":1029,"prefix":"attributed to the","suffix":null,"role":"Artist","displaymaker":"attributed to the Nikephoros Group, active late 10th–early 11th century, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (Istanbul, Turkey)","displayorder":2}],"datecomputed":950,"signed":null,"restrictions":null,"classification":"Ivories","packages":[{"packageid":181906,"name":"CRS_2020_REL251/HLS251/MED251_04_01-03"},{"packageid":181985,"name":"web_2020_medieval"},{"packageid":278831,"name":"10282025-DAY1-ONVIEW"},{"packageid":267510,"name":"Web_CA_2025_Byzantine"},{"packageid":208147,"name":"2022_ART535/HLS535_03_24"},{"packageid":197207,"name":"PUAM_Expressing Culture_Byzantine, Islamic, and Medieval"},{"packageid":197269,"name":"web_highlights -revised 2021"},{"packageid":225374,"name":"Gallery_02-05(Pavilion1)-European [3]"},{"packageid":204035,"name":"Teaching Kit Reproductions 8 1/2 x 11"}],"catalograisonne":null,"classifications":[{"id":2055330,"classification":"reliefs"},{"id":2095964,"classification":"religious art"},{"id":2055189,"classification":"ivories"},{"id":2048642,"classification":"plaques (flat objects)"}],"exhibitions":[],"cultures":[],"primaryimage":["https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/y1942-60"],"displaytitle":"Plaque with the Crucifixion","displayculture":null,"displaymaker":"attributed to the Nikephoros Group, active late 10th–early 11th century, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (Istanbul, Turkey)","captionhtml":"Middle Byzantine (ca. 843–1204), attributed to the Nikephoros Group (active late 10th–early 11th century, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (Istanbul, Turkey)), Constantinople, Turkey, 10th century, <i>Plaque with the Crucifixion</i>. Ivory; 13.5 × 8.8 × 0.7 cm. Museum purchase (y1942-60)","displaydate":"10th century","medium":"Ivory","media":[{"id":7101,"uri":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/y1942-60","isprimary":1,"rank":1,"mediatypeid":1,"mediaviewtype":"(not assigned)","restrictions":null,"caption":"Luna Digitization Project"}],"displayperiod":"Middle Byzantine, ca. 843–1204","extended_content":false,"campuscollections":"false","bibliography":[{"boilertext":"Slobodan Curcic and Archer St. Clair,<em> Byzantium at Princeton: Byzantine art and archaeology at Princeton University: catalogue of an exhibition at Firestone Library, Princeton University, August 1 through October 26, 1986</em>, (Princeton, NJ: Dept. of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University, The Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton University Library, Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections, 1986).","citation":"Slobodan Curcic and Archer St. Clair,<em> Byzantium at Princeton: Byzantine art and archaeology at Princeton University: catalogue of an exhibition at Firestone Library, Princeton University, August 1 through October 26, 1986</em>, (Princeton, NJ: Dept. of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University, The Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton University Library, Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections, 1986)., cat. no. 38; p. 66","date":1986,"id":2216,"uri":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/16649090"},{"boilertext":"\"[Frank Jewett Mather, Jr. 1868-1953: In memoriam]\", <em>Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University</em> 13, no. 1 (1954): p. 2-19.","citation":"\"[Frank Jewett Mather, Jr. 1868-1953: In memoriam]\", <em>Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University</em> 13, no. 1 (1954): p. 2-19., p. 6 (illus.)","date":1954,"id":3249,"uri":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774344"},{"boilertext":"Archer St. Clair, Elizabeth Parker McLachlan<EM>, The carver's art, Medieval sculpture in ivory, bone, and horn,</EM> (New Brunswick: Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, 1989).","citation":"Archer St. Clair, Elizabeth Parker McLachlan<EM>, The carver's art, Medieval sculpture in ivory, bone, and horn,</EM> (New Brunswick: Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, 1989)., no. 5","date":1989,"id":2371,"uri":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/20761913"},{"boilertext":"Dorothy Eugenia Miner,<em> Early Christian and Byzantine art: an exhibition held at The Baltimore Museum of Art,</em>&nbsp;(Baltimore, MD:&nbsp;Baltimore&nbsp;Museum of Art,&nbsp;1947).","citation":"Dorothy Eugenia Miner,<em> Early Christian and Byzantine art: an exhibition held at The Baltimore Museum of Art,</em>&nbsp;(Baltimore, MD:&nbsp;Baltimore&nbsp;Museum of Art,&nbsp;1947)., p. 45; no. 132","date":1947,"id":2393,"uri":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/311337"},{"boilertext":"<i>Princeton University Art Museum: Handbook of the Collection</i> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007)","citation":"<i>Princeton University Art Museum: Handbook of the Collection</i> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 104 (illus.)","date":2007,"id":474,"uri":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/191864564"},{"boilertext":"Adolph&nbsp;Goldschmidt and Kurt Weitzmann, <EM>Die byzantinischen Elfenbeinskulpturen des X-XIII Jahrhunderts</EM>, (Berlin: B. Cassirer, 1930-1934).","citation":"Adolph&nbsp;Goldschmidt and Kurt Weitzmann, <EM>Die byzantinischen Elfenbeinskulpturen des X-XIII Jahrhunderts</EM>, (Berlin: B. Cassirer, 1930-1934)., Vol. 2: p. 54; no. 103","date":1930,"id":6785,"uri":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/560278999"},{"boilertext":"<i>Princeton University Art Museum: Handbook of the Collections </i>(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 2013)","citation":"<i>Princeton University Art Museum: Handbook of the Collections </i>(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 2013), p. 104\r\n","date":2013,"id":1994,"uri":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/865020505"},{"boilertext":"A. M. Friend, Jr., \"Two accessions for the Medieval Collection\",<EM> Record of the Museum of Historic Art, Princeton University</EM> 1, no. 2 (1942): p. 9-10.","citation":"A. M. Friend, Jr., \"Two accessions for the Medieval Collection\",<EM> Record of the Museum of Historic Art, Princeton University</EM> 1, no. 2 (1942): p. 9-10., p. 9-10","date":1942,"id":3716,"uri":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774138"},{"boilertext":"R. G. Calkins, <EM>A medieval treasury: an exhibition of Medieval art from the third to the sixteenth century</EM>, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1968).","citation":"R. G. Calkins, <EM>A medieval treasury: an exhibition of Medieval art from the third to the sixteenth century</EM>, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1968)., p. 106-07; cat. no. 11","date":1968,"id":1847,"uri":"https://search.worldcat.org/title/963109200"}],"nowebuse":"False","periods":[{"id":14470,"period":"Middle Byzantine","alphasort":"Middle Byzantine","begindate":843,"enddate":1204,"displayperiod":"Middle Byzantine, ca. 843–1204","displaydate":"ca. 843–1204"}],"department":"Ancient, Byzantine, and Islamic Art","attribute_groups":[{"id":2199320,"term":"Byzantine Art","termtype":"Collecting Area"}],"daterange":"A.D. 500-1000","dateend":999,"depicted":[],"titles":[{"title":"Plaque with the Crucifixion","titletype":"Primary Title","displayorder":1}],"hasimage":"true","creditlinerepro":"","objectnumber":"y1942-60","inscribed":null,"texts":[{"texttype":"Online","textpurpose":"Handbook Entry","textentryhtml":"\r\nThe simplicity of the composition and the style of the figures place this plaque in the so-called Nikephoros Group of ivories made in Constantinople in the tenth century. Drill holes served to affix the plaque to another object. In the Byzantine tradition of a triumphant Christ, Jesus seems to stand erect rather than hang on the cross, his feet supported by a projecting platform and his arms perfectly horizontal. The cross divides the field into irregular quadrants, the upper ones with the sun and the moon, the lower, with the weeping Virgin Mary and Saint John the Evangelist, who holds a Gospel book. The bejeweled book, together with the directness of the saint’s gaze — a contrast with Mary’s open grief — would have reminded the plaque’s owner of Christ’s message of hope and redemption.; </P></SPAN>","remarks":null},{"texttype":"Online","textpurpose":"Provenance","textentryhtml":"Once collection of Count Wilczek, Kreustein, Austria; purchased from Silberman in 1942","remarks":"From accession card. "},{"texttype":"Online","textpurpose":"Gallery Label","textentryhtml":"<p>\n\t<b>Liturgy in the Byzantine Empire\n</b></p><p><b>\t</b><br />\n\tWith the rise of Christianity in the fourth century CE, devotional objects were crafted for the liturgical rites and spiritual practices of the Byzantine Empire, anchored in present-day Istanbul. As the Emperor Justinian I (482–565) accumulated wealth, territory, and power, theologians heightened the drama and spectacle of the liturgy to signal the central role of religion and faith in maintaining imperial order and expressing authority. To enhance the spiritual atmosphere when the sacramental Eucharist was presented to worshippers as the body of Christ, the Byzantine liturgy accommodated expansive and multisensory religious processions and rites. Censers filled with aromatic incense perfumed the church, and oil lamps and candles illuminated metal objects and gilded devotional images. Theologians generated analogies between the splendor and value of the luxurious materials used to create devotional objects and the purity of Christ. Images of the cross became a ubiquitous sign of Christ’s martyrdom and its promise of salvation for the faithful.\n</p>","remarks":"EUR2_5-T4A-15_CLA-Day 1 Cataloguing (group chat for 2005-15 a-e, y1962-51, 2008-52, y1943-113, y1961-46, y1942-60, y1986-69, y1964-62) "}],"datebegin":900,"sortnumber":"1942   60y","published_date":"2026-04-03 02:00:13.343343","objectid":21911,"dimensions":"13.5 x 8.8 x 0.7 cm (5 5/16 x 3 7/16 x 1/4 in.)","on_view":true}