{"secondaryobjectnumber":null,"periodterms":[{"id":2033880,"period":"Nara"}],"creditline":"Museum purchase, Fowler McCormick, Class of 1921, Fund","caption":"Japanese, Nara period (710–794), Anonymous, Sumidera Heart Sutra (Sumidera shingyō 隅寺心経), 8th century. Handscroll; ink on paper; 22.9 x 42.4 cm. Museum purchase, Fowler McCormick, Class of 1921, Fund (2012-99)","cultureterms":[{"id":2033838,"culture":"Japanese"}],"type":"artobject","dimensionsproposed":"","terms":[{"id":2033838,"term":"Japanese","aatid":300018519,"termtype":"Culture"},{"id":2033880,"term":"Nara","aatid":300018545,"termtype":"Period / Style"},{"id":2155285,"term":"calligraphy (writing)","aatid":300053162,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2133986,"term":"calligraphy (visual work)","aatid":null,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2053034,"term":"scroll paintings","aatid":300033666,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2053038,"term":"handscrolls","aatid":300178463,"termtype":"Classification"},{"id":2043813,"term":"paper (fiber product)","aatid":300014109,"termtype":"Materials"},{"id":2167672,"term":"ink","aatid":300015012,"termtype":"Materials"}],"geography":[{"displaygeography":"Place made: Asia, Japan","code":"Place made","continent":"Asia","subcontinent":null,"country":"Japan","region":null,"state":null,"city":null,"county":null,"subregion":null,"locale":null,"locus":null,"river":null,"excavation":null,"geoname":"http://www.geonames.org/1861060/japan.html","location":{"lat":"","lon":""}}],"dimensionelements":[{"element":"mount","type":"Height","units":"centimeters","dimension":"25.00"},{"element":"mount","type":"Width","units":"centimeters","dimension":"109.00"},{"element":"Overall","type":"Height","units":"centimeters","dimension":"22.90"},{"element":"Overall","type":"Width","units":"centimeters","dimension":"42.40"}],"markings":null,"accessionyear":"2012-01-01","newaccession":0,"makers":[{"id":2018,"displayname":"Anonymous","displaydate":null,"datebegin":0,"dateend":0,"prefix":null,"suffix":null,"role":"Artist","displaymaker":"Anonymous","displayorder":3}],"datecomputed":752,"signed":null,"restrictions":null,"classification":"Paintings","packages":[{"packageid":225978,"name":"2023_EAS534_04_05"},{"packageid":104193,"name":"web_2017_ASIAN_April"},{"packageid":267343,"name":"Web_CA_2025_Asian"},{"packageid":207234,"name":"SAB_Gala2021"}],"catalograisonne":null,"classifications":[{"id":2053038,"classification":"handscrolls"},{"id":2053034,"classification":"scroll paintings"},{"id":2133986,"classification":"calligraphy (visual work)"},{"id":2155285,"classification":"calligraphy (writing)"}],"exhibitions":[],"cultures":[{"id":13690,"culture":"Japanese","alphasort":"Japanese","begindate":0,"enddate":0,"displayculture":"Japanese","displaydate":null}],"primaryimage":["https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/PUAMANX24_240731_15668"],"displaytitle":"Sumidera Heart Sutra (Sumidera shingyō 隅寺心経)","displayculture":"Japanese","displaymaker":"Anonymous","captionhtml":"Japanese, Nara period (710–794), Anonymous, <i>Sumidera Heart Sutra (Sumidera shingyō 隅寺心経)</i>, 8th century. Handscroll; ink on paper; 22.9 x 42.4 cm. Museum purchase, Fowler McCormick, Class of 1921, Fund (2012-99)","displaydate":"8th century","medium":"Handscroll; ink on paper","media":[{"id":253735,"uri":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/PUAMANX24_240731_15668","isprimary":1,"rank":1,"mediatypeid":1,"mediaviewtype":"(not assigned)","restrictions":null,"caption":"PUAM Photo"},{"id":253744,"uri":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/PUAMANX24_240801_15683","isprimary":0,"rank":2,"mediatypeid":1,"mediaviewtype":"(not assigned)","restrictions":null,"caption":"PUAM Photo"},{"id":253745,"uri":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/PUAMANX24_240801_15685","isprimary":0,"rank":3,"mediatypeid":1,"mediaviewtype":"(not assigned)","restrictions":null,"caption":"PUAM Photo"},{"id":253746,"uri":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/PUAMANX24_240801_15686","isprimary":0,"rank":5,"mediatypeid":1,"mediaviewtype":"(not assigned)","restrictions":null,"caption":"PUAM Photo"},{"id":253747,"uri":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/PUAMANX24_240801_15687","isprimary":0,"rank":6,"mediatypeid":1,"mediaviewtype":"(not assigned)","restrictions":null,"caption":"PUAM Photo"},{"id":253748,"uri":"https://media.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/3/collection/PUAMANX24_240801_15690","isprimary":0,"rank":4,"mediatypeid":1,"mediaviewtype":"(not assigned)","restrictions":null,"caption":"PUAM Photo"}],"displayperiod":"Nara period, 710–794","extended_content":true,"campuscollections":"false","bibliography":[{"boilertext":"\"Acquisitions of the Princeton University Art Museum 2012,\"&nbsp;<em>Record of the Princeton University Art Museum</em> 71/72 (2012-13): p. 105-132.","citation":"\"Acquisitions of the Princeton University Art Museum 2012,\"&nbsp;<em>Record of the Princeton University Art Museum</em> 71/72 (2012-13): p. 105-132., p. 117","date":2012,"id":2988,"uri":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24416388"}],"nowebuse":"False","periods":[{"id":12580,"period":"Nara period","alphasort":"Nara period","begindate":710,"enddate":794,"displayperiod":"Nara period, 710–794","displaydate":"710–794"}],"department":"Asian Art","attribute_groups":[{"id":2199319,"term":"Asian Art","termtype":"Collecting Area"},{"id":2199327,"term":"Prints and Drawings","termtype":"Collecting Area"}],"daterange":"A.D. 500-1000","dateend":794,"depicted":[],"titles":[{"title":"Sumidera Heart Sutra (Sumidera shingyō 隅寺心経)","titletype":"Primary Title","displayorder":1}],"hasimage":"true","creditlinerepro":null,"objectnumber":"2012-99","inscribed":null,"texts":[{"texttype":"Online","textpurpose":"Provenance","textentryhtml":"<font color=\"#7030a0\"><span lang=\"EN\">–2012\tMika Gallery (New York, NY), sold to the Princeton University Art Museum, 2012.</span></font><font color=\"#7030a0\">\n</font><font color=\"#7030a0\">\n</font><font color=\"#7030a0\">\n</font><font color=\"#7030a0\">\n</font>","remarks":null},{"texttype":"Online","textpurpose":"Description","textentryhtml":"<p>The <i>Sumidera Heart Sutra</i> is traditionally said to be written by Kūkai 空海 (774-835), the founder of the Shingon 真言 sect of Japanese Buddhism.  Kūkai purportedly transcribed the Heart Sutra, or <i>Hannyashingyō</i>般若心経, in the <i>Kairyūōji</i>海龍王寺.  Because the temple is located in the northeast corner (<i>sumi</i> 隅) of ancient Nara, is came to be known as the <i>Sumidera Heart Sutra</i>.  The Heart Sutra distills the true meaning of Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (<i>Daihannyakyo</i> 大般若経) down to only 260 characters.  It was copied by hand numerous times, possibly as a ritual act as many times as twice a day at the temple, and it is possible that most were copied at the same scriptorium.  There are about fifty surviving copies of the Sumidera Heart Sutra.</p>\n<p>In this scroll, the first column at right is an abbreviated title for the <i>Heart Sutra</i>.  After the title, there are 15 columns made up of 17 characters each, standard for Buddhist sutras of this period in China and Japan.  In the 16th column there are 18 characters because this is a kind of special incantation: <i>gyatei gyatei haragyatei harasōgyatei boji sowaka</i> 揭諦揭諦，波羅揭諦，波羅僧揭諦，菩提薩婆呵.  This incantation is always written whole in one column regardless of length.  The final 3 columns include a type of blessing that explains the religious benefits of reciting the sutra.  This last section is not part of the sutra and does not always appear on other copies of the Sumidera Heart Sutra.  </p>\n<p>The scroll is accompanied by a <i>kiwame fuda</i>, certification slip, dated 1754 by the calligraphy connoisseur Kohitsu Ryoen 古筆了延 (1704-1774), who was a leading connoisseur of ancient calligraphy.  The temple which the sutra was dedicated to is not specified, however, the storage box has inscriptions by Yamaoka Tesshū 山岡 鉄舟(1836-1888), a vassal of the Tokugawa Shogunate at the end of Edo Period, who was also a philosopher, master of sword, zen, and calligraphy during the Meiji era. The name written on the box, Takayuki高歩, is another name of Tesshū.  It is uncertain whether Tesshū personally owned this sutra or if he signed the box at the request of an individual or a temple who possessed the sutra at that time.  The calligraphy in this manuscript copy is based on Chinese calligraphy for Buddhist sutras written during the Tang dynasty (618–907).  This style was transmitted to Japan and used there before the Japanese developed their own calligraphic mannerisms and customs for copying sutras.  The calligraphy on this sutra compares favorably to examples of Tang sutras in our collection.  <br /></p>","remarks":"source: object file"},{"texttype":"Online","textpurpose":"Gallery Label","textentryhtml":"\r\nThis sutra, or Buddhist sacred text, is traditionally said to be written by Kukai (774–835) the founder of the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism. Kukai purportedly transcribed the Heart Sutra in the Kairyuuko Temple. Because the temple is located in the northeast corner (<I>sumi</I>) of the ancient city of Nara, the scroll came to be known as the <I>Sumidera Heart Sutra</I>. The Heart Sutra distills the Great Perfection of Wisdom sutra (<I>Daihannyakyo</I>), one of the earliest and most important sutras in the Buddhist tradition, condensing it to only 260 characters. It was copied by hand—likely as a ritual act—as often as twice a day at the temple; it is possible that most copies were made at the same scriptorium. The calligraphy in this manuscript copy is based on Chinese calligraphy for Buddhist sutras written during the Tang dynasty (618–907). This style was transmitted to Japan and used there before the Japanese developed their own calligraphic mannerism and customs for copying sutras. </P></SPAN>","remarks":"The Art of Calligraphy in in Asian Rotation"}],"datebegin":710,"sortnumber":"2012   99","published_date":"2026-02-11 13:24:43.967430","objectid":84975,"dimensions":"22.9 x 42.4 cm. (9 x 16 11/16 in.)\r\nmount: 25 x 109 cm. (9 13/16 x 42 15/16 in.)","on_view":false}